Issue Follow-ups > UPDATED Comparing COVID-19 Vaccines: Timelines, Types and Prices (2021.02.08.)

 

Issue Follow-ups > UPDATED Comparing COVID-19 Vaccines: Timelines, Types and Prices (2021.02.08.)

 

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CORRESPONDENCE | ONLINE FIRST
What does 95% COVID-19 vaccine efficacy really mean?
Piero Olliaro Published:February 17, 2021
www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(21)00075-X/fulltext

It is imperative to dispel any ambiguity about how vaccine efficacy shown in trials translates into protecting individuals and populations. The mRNA-based Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were shown to have 94–95% efficacy in preventing symptomatic COVID-19, calculated as 100 × (1 minus the attack rate with vaccine divided by the attack rate with placebo). It means that in a population such as the one enrolled in the trials, with a cumulated COVID-19 attack rate over a period of 3 months of about 1% without a vaccine, we would expect roughly 0·05% of vaccinated people would get diseased. It does not mean that 95% of people are protected from disease with the vaccine—a general misconception of vaccine protection also found in a Lancet Infectious Diseases Editorial.

 In the examples used in the Editorial, those protected are those who would have become diseased with COVID-19 had they not been vaccinated. This distinction is all the more important as, although we know the risk reduction achieved by these vaccines under trial conditions, we do not know whether and how it could vary if the vaccines were deployed on populations with different exposures, transmission levels, and attack rates.

Simple mathematics helps. If we vaccinated a population of 100 000 and protected 95% of them, that would leave 5000 individuals diseased over 3 months, which is almost the current overall COVID-19 case rate in the UK. Rather, a 95% vaccine efficacy means that instead of 1000 COVID-19 cases in a population of 100 000 without vaccine (from the placebo arm of the above mentioned trials, approximately 1% would be ill with COVID-19 and 99% would not) we would expect 50 cases (99·95% of the population is disease-free, at least for 3 months).

• View related content for this article

Accurate description of effects is not hair-splitting; it is much-needed exactness to avoid adding confusion to an extraordinarily complicated and tense scientific and societal debate around COVID-19 vaccines.

I declare no competing interests.

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UPDATED Comparing COVID-19 Vaccines: Timelines, Types and Prices
Published: Feb 08, 2021 By Mark Terry
www.biospace.com/article/comparing-covid-19-vaccines-pfizer-biontech-moderna-astrazeneca-oxford-j-and-j-russia-s-sputnik-v/

This is an update of an article originally published on November 24, 2020. New data is coming in on the efficacy of the various vaccines, and the Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna vaccines are being distributed in the U.S. and other countries.

A note on variants: The so-called “wildtype” of SARS-CoV-2 originated in Wuhan, China, and all of the vaccines appear effective against it. Additional variants of most concern currently are the UK, Brazilian and South African variants. Not all vaccines have been evaluated in clinical trials against the variants. Some vaccines have been tested in laboratory assays against the variants. This is a moving target with announcements being made almost daily.

Pfizer-BioNTech

The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine was sent to the FDA for possible Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) on Friday, November 20 and authorized on December 11. It is an mRNA vaccine that codes for the virus’s spike protein and is encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle. Once injected, the cells churn out the spike protein, triggering the body’s immune system to recognize the virus. In Phase III trials, it demonstrated 95% efficacy. The Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine requires storage at about -94 degrees F, which requires specialized freezers.

Type: mRNA
Doses: 2, 21 Days Apart
EUA Date: December 11, 2020
Price: $19.50 per dose for first 100 million doses
Efficacy: About 95%
Variants: Lab data suggest “quite effective” against the UK variant as well as the South African and Latin American variants.

 

Moderna

On November 16, Moderna issued a preliminary data readout out of its COVID-19 vaccine, suggesting an efficacy rate of 94.5%. It was authorized by the FDA on December 19. Like the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine, it is an mRNA vaccine. Unlike that vaccine, however, the Moderna vaccine is stable at 36 to 46 degrees F, about the temperature of a standard home or medical refrigerator, for up to 30 days and can be stored for up to six months at -4 degrees F. It is expected to go to the FDA for consideration for an EUA within days.

Type: mRNA
Doses: 2, 28 Days Apart
EUA Date: December 18, 2020
Price: $25-$37 per dose
Efficacy: About 95%
Variants: Lab data suggest “quite effective” against the UK variant as well as the South African and Latin American variants.
 

AstraZeneca-University of Oxford

On November 23, AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford announced high-level results from an interim analysis of their COVID-19 vaccine, AZD1222. The analysis was from the trials in the UK and Brazil and demonstrated efficacy of up to 90%. The vaccine was effective at preventing COVID-19, with no hospitalizations or severe cases in people receiving it. There were a total of 131 COVID-19 positive cases in the interim analysis group. One dosing regimen was given at a half dose and demonstrated 90% efficacy, followed by a full dose at least one month apart. Another dosing regimen demonstrated 62% efficacy when given two full doses at least one month apart. The combined analysis showed average efficacy of 70%. The AstraZeneca vaccine can be stored, transported and handled at normal refrigerated conditions, about 36-46 degrees F for at least six months and administered within existing healthcare settings.

The AstraZeneca and University of Oxford’s vaccine uses technology from an Oxford spinout company, Vaccitech. It deploys a replication-deficient chimpanzee viral vector based on a weakened version of a common cold virus (adenovirus) that causes infections in chimpanzees. It contains the genetic materials of the spike protein. After vaccination, the cells produce the spike protein, stimulating the immune system to attack the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Type: Adenovirus-based
Doses: 2, 28 Days Apart
Likely EUA Date: Authorized in Europe on January 12, 2021, and other countries, but unlikely in the U.S. until spring
Price: $25-$37 per dose
Efficacy: Currently about 70% overall
Variants: At least one study finds it has little effect against the South African variant, but appears effective against UK and Brazilian variants.
 

Johnson & Johnson

Johnson & Johnson announced on November 15 that it initiated a second global Phase III trial of its Janssen COVID-19 vaccine. They expect to enroll up to 60,000 volunteers worldwide.

Whereas all of the other three vaccine candidates require two doses about 28 days apart, the J&J vaccine only requires a single dose. Interim results from its Phase I/IIa trial demonstrated a single dose of the vaccine induced a robust immune response and was generally well-tolerated. The ENSEMBLE 2 study evaluated a two-dose regimen as well.

The Phase III ENSEMBLE trial demonstrated the single-shot vaccine is 66% effective overall in preventing moderate-to-severe COVID-19, 28 days after vaccination. However, it demonstrated 100% efficacy ad preventing severe disease after day 49.

The vaccine uses the company’s AdVac technology platform, which it used to develop its approved Ebola vaccine and its Zika, RSV and HIV investigational vaccine candidates. It revolves around the use of an inactivated common cold virus, similar to what the AstraZeneca-University of Oxford program utilizes.

Type: Adenovirus-based
Doses: 1
Likely EUA Date: Possibly March or April 2021
Price: $10 per dose
Efficacy: Unknown, expected by end of January 2021
Variants: Based on clinical studies in Africa, UK and Latin America, there is evidence the vaccine is effective against the variants, although less so against the South African and Latin American strains.


Russia’s Sputnik V Vaccine

Around November 11, Russia’s National Research Center for Epidemiology and Microbiology, which Russia authorized for use in August—ahead of even beginning a Phase III trial—claimed had an efficacy rate of 92% after the second dose. It was based on a first interim analysis 21 days after the first injection during the ongoing Phase III study. On November 24, the organization claimed 95% efficacy based on new preliminary data. On December 14, 2020, they reported efficacy of 91.4%. It also offered to share one of its two human adenoviral vectors with AstraZeneca to increase the efficacy of the AstraZeneca vaccine.

Russia’s Gamaleya research institute appears to be focused on potentially marketing their vaccine worldwide. Even the name of the vaccine has emphasized the idea of a race. The organization has indicated a dose of the vaccine will cost no more than $10, about half the cost of the Pfizer vaccine. The organization has also predicted they could produce 1 billion doses in the next year. At this time, aside from Russia, it will potentially be sold in India, Korea, Brazil, China, and Hungary. The Hungarian government is the only European Union country to express interest to date.

On February 2, 2021, The Lancet published Phase III data demonstrating a 91.6% efficacy against the original strain of the virus.

Type: Adenovirus-based
Doses: 2
Likely EUA Date: Not applicable in the U.S.
Price: $10 per dose
Efficacy: 91.4%
Variants: Unknown. Clinical trial data was largely conducted in Russia prior to the emergence of major variants.
  

Sinovac Biotech

On January 13, 2021, China-based Sinovac Biotech reported that its COVID-19 vaccine had a 50.38% efficacy in late-stage clinical trials in Brazil. The company’s clinical trials are demonstrating dramatically varying efficacy rates. In Indonesia, a local trial demonstrated an efficacy rate of 65%, but the trial had only 1,620 participants. Turkey reported an efficacy rate of 91.25% in December 2020. Another trial in Brazil run by a local partner, Butantan Institute, reported last week a 78% efficacy rate in mild cases while 100% against severe and moderate infections. It is an inactivated vaccine that uses inactivated SARS-CoV-2 viruses.

Type: Inactivated SARS-CoV-2 virus
Doses: 2
Likely EUA Date: Not applicable in the U.S.
Price: $60 per dose in China ($29.75 per dose)
Efficacy: 50.38% to 91.25%, depending on the clinical trial
Variants: Unknown, although a study in Brazil demonstrated 50.4% efficacy at preventing symptomatic infections.
  

Novavax

On January 28, 2021, Novavax announced that its COVID-19 vaccine, NVX-CoV2373, hit the primary endpoint with a vaccine efficacy of 89.3% in its Phase III trial in the UK. The vaccine is a protein-based COVID-19 vaccine candidate. It also has data from the South Africa Phase IIb trial and several Phase I, II and III trials. It has demonstrated high clinical efficacy against the UK and South Africa variants as well.

The vaccine contains a full-length, prefusion spike protein made using the company’s recombinant nanoparticle technology and its proprietary saponin-based Matrix-M adjuvant. It is stable at 2 to 8 degrees C and shipped in a ready-to-use liquid formulation.

Type: Protein-based vaccine
Doses: 2
Likely EUA Date: Possibly in March or February 2021 in the UK; possibly Q1 2021 or later in the U.S.
Price: $16 in the US
Efficacy: 89.3%
Variants: Effective against UK and South African
  

CanSino Biologics

CanSino Biologics vaccine was co-developed with the Chinese military. It has an efficacy rate of 65.7% at preventing symptomatic cases. This is based on a multi-country analysis first posted on Twitter by Faisal Sultan, Pakistan’s health adviser, on February 8, 2021. The Phase III trial includes 30,000 participants and demonstrated 90.98% efficacy in preventing severe disease. It only requires a single shot. It has agreed to supply 35 million doses to Mexico and is in talks with Malaysia for 3.5 million shots. Pakistan is running one of the largest trials, and has contracted for 20 million shots. It is also working with the WHO for approval for the vaccine through the Covax program. It is also planning a trial with Russia to determine if swapping the second dose of Russia’s Sputnik V vaccine with Can Sino would produce the same or better protection.

Type: Viral vector, loading an antigen from the SARS-CoV-2 virus onto an adenovirus.
Doses: 1
Price: Unknown
Likely EUA Date: Not applicable in the U.S.
Efficacy: 65.7% at preventing symptomatic cases; 90.98% efficacy in preventing severe disease.
Variants: Unknown

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HEALTH
Comparing the Covid-19 vaccines developed by Pfizer, Moderna, and Johnson & Johnson
By Helen Branswell  Feb. 2, 2021
www.statnews.com/2021/02/02/comparing-the-covid-19-vaccines-developed-by-pfizer-moderna-and-johnson-johnson/

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ARTICLES | ONLINE FIRST
Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials
Merryn Voysey, DPhil *
Sue Ann Costa Clemens, MD *
Shabir A Madhi, PhD *
Lily Y Weckx, MD *
Pedro M Folegatti, MD *
Parvinder K Aley, DPhil et al.
Published:February 19, 2021
www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00432-3/fulltext

 

COMMENT | VOLUME 397, ISSUE 10269, P72-74, JANUARY 09, 2021
Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine efficacy
Maria Deloria Knoll, Chizoba Wonodi Published:December 08, 2020
www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32623-4/fulltext

News
Covid-19: New data on Oxford AstraZeneca vaccine backs 12 week dosing interval
www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n326

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Efficacy and Safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine
List of authors.
Lindsey R. Baden, M.D., Hana M. El Sahly, M.D., Brandon Essink, M.D., Karen Kotloff, M.D., Sharon Frey, M.D., Rick Novak, M.D., David Diemert, M.D., Stephen A. Spector, M.D., Nadine Rouphael, M.D., C. Buddy Creech, M.D., John McGettigan, M.D., Shishir Khetan, M.D., et al., for the COVE Study Group*
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2035389

February 4, 2021
N Engl J Med 2021; 384:403-416
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2035389

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ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
List of authors.
Fernando P. Polack, M.D., Stephen J. Thomas, M.D., Nicholas Kitchin, M.D., Judith Absalon, M.D., Alejandra Gurtman, M.D., Stephen Lockhart, D.M., John L. Perez, M.D., Gonzalo Pérez Marc, M.D., Edson D. Moreira, M.D., Cristiano Zerbini, M.D., Ruth Bailey, B.Sc., Kena A. Swanson, Ph.D., et al., for the C4591001 Clinical Trial Group*
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2034577

December 31, 2020
N Engl J Med 2020; 383:2603-2615
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2034577

 

CORRESPONDENCE
Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine
www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2036242

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Google > 

astrazeneca vaccine efficacy
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pfizer vaccine efficacy
www.google.com/search?q=pfizer+vaccine+efficacy

moderna vaccine efficacy
www.google.com/search?q=moderna+vaccine+efficacy

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'백신 위크' 돌입…아스트라제네카에 화이자도 맞는다
기사입력 2021.02.21. 오후 7:12 최종수정 2021.02.21. 오후 8:19
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Naver > 화이자
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Naver > 아스트라제네카
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Naver > 아스트라제네카 vs 화이자
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2월부터 국내에 도입돼 순차적으로 접종이 시작될 신종 코로나바이러스 감염증(코로나19) 백신의 종류와 특성. /출처=식품의약품안전처

[톡톡! 시사상식] 아스트라제네카 vs 화이자…“똑같은 코로나 백신 아닌가요?”
기사승인 2021. 02. 11. 00:00
www.asiatoday.co.kr/view.php?key=20210210010007176

 

코로나19백신, 남아공 변종에 희비 교체 "화이자, 효과 vs 아스트라제네카 사용중단"
기자명 이재승 의학전문기자 / 바이오 의·공학 박사   입력 2021.02.09 18:12  수정 2021.02.09 20:53
www.getnews.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=514547

 

이스라엘 접종했더니..화이자 vs 아스트라 '엇갈린 평가', 승자는?
프랑스·독일·이탈리아 등 아스트라제네카 고령층 사용 제한..이스라엘 "화이자 코로나 백신 효과 94%"
한지연 기자 입력 2021. 02. 17. 01:00 댓글 166개
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'일상 복귀' 본격화 이스라엘이 알려준 백신의 효능과 한계
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"코로나 백신 일부만 접종, 되려 치명적 변이 나올수도"
WSJ "일부 면역+나머지 노출, 오히려 위험" 진단
신유리 입력 2021. 02. 21. 13:36 댓글 58개
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K-방역 마지막 퍼즐 백신, '코로나 변이'로 맞춘다
안정준 기자 입력 2021. 02. 21. 06:00 댓글 11개
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Daum > 아스트라제네카 vs 화이자
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5 things you need to know about the AstraZeneca vaccine now the TGA has approved it for use in Australia
February 17, 2021 5.23pm AEDT
theconversation.com/5-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-astrazeneca-vaccine-now-the-tga-has-approved-it-for-use-in-australia-155139

The Conversation
Academic rigour, journalistic flair

Who we are
theconversation.com/au/who-we-are

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COVID-19 vaccines: What does 95% efficacy actually mean?
By Anna Nowogrodzki 12 days ago
It doesn't mean 5% of vaccinated people get infected.
www.livescience.com/covid-19-vaccine-efficacy-explained.html

You have likely heard that Pfizer's COVID-19 vaccine efficacy is 95%, Moderna's is 94% and Johnson & Johnson's is 66%. But what do these numbers actually mean? 

One common misunderstanding is that 95% efficacy means that in the Pfizer clinical trial, 5% of vaccinated people got COVID. But that's not true; the actual percentage of vaccinated people in the Pfizer (and Moderna) trials who got COVID-19 was about a hundred times less than that: 0.04%. 

What the 95% actually means is that vaccinated people had a 95% lower risk of getting COVID-19 compared with the control group participants, who weren't vaccinated. In other words, vaccinated people in the Pfizer clinical trial were 20 times less likely than the control group to get COVID-19. 

That makes the vaccine  "one of the most effective vaccines that we have," Barker told Live Science. For comparison, the two-dose measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine is 97% effective against measles and 88% effective against mumps, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The seasonal flu vaccine is between 40% and 60% effective (it varies from year to year, depending on that year's vaccine and flu strains), but it still prevented an estimated 7.5 million cases of the flu in the U.S. during the 2019-2020 flu season, according to the CDC.

But all three trials also used a second, potentially more important, definition of "cases." What we care most about is protecting people from the worst outcomes of COVID-19: hospitalization and death. So Moderna, Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson also measured how their vaccines performed against severe disease (which meant severely affected heart or respiratory rate, the need for supplemental oxygen, ICU admission, respiratory failure or death). 

All three vaccines were 100% effective at preventing severe disease six weeks after the first dose (for Moderna) or seven weeks after the first dose (for Pfizer and Johnson & Johnson, the latter of which requires only one dose). Zero vaccinated people in any of the trials were hospitalized or died of COVID-19 after the vaccines had fully taken effect. 

 

About Us
By Jeanna Bryner - Live Science Editor-in-Chief June 14, 2018
www.livescience.com/62824-about-us.html

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Independent report
Optimising the COVID-19 vaccination programme for maximum short-term impact
Updated 26 January 2021
www.gov.uk/government/publications/prioritising-the-first-covid-19-vaccine-dose-jcvi-statement/optimising-the-covid-19-vaccination-programme-for-maximum-short-term-impact

Summary
There has been a rapid increase in COVID-19 cases in the UK in December 2020
Two vaccines now have MHRA Regulation 174 authorisation (Pfizer-BioNTech and AstraZeneca)
Rapid delivery of the vaccines is required to protect those most vulnerable
Short-term vaccine efficacy from the first dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine is calculated at around 90%
Short-term vaccine efficacy from the first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine is calculated at around 70%, with high protection against severe disease
Given the high level of protection afforded by the first dose, models suggest that initially vaccinating a greater number of people with a single dose will prevent more deaths and hospitalisations than vaccinating a smaller number of people with 2 doses
The second dose is still important to provide longer lasting protection and is expected to be as or more effective when delivered at an interval of 12 weeks from the first dose

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News
Covid-19: Reports from Israel suggest one dose of Pfizer vaccine could be less effective than expected
www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n217

 

Our story
BMJ is a global healthcare knowledge provider with a vision for a healthier world. We share knowledge and expertise to improve healthcare outcomes.
www.bmj.com/company/the-story-of-bmj-2/

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아스트라제네카 vs 화이자 vs 모더나 비교 12
이름: 정력닷컴
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아스트라제네카 VS 화이자
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뉴스
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